How can Chinese companies break through U.S. tech blockades?

A fingertip-sized chip, which may contain dozens of layers and a billion transistors, is widely used in smartphones, computers, cars, and other electronic products. This underpins a semiconductor industry valued at over 500 billion U.S. dollars. Where there are interests, there is competition. In recent years, semiconductor companies such as TSMC, Samsung, Intel, SMIC, and AMD have engaged in fierce competition in this field.